Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism is an artistic movement that emerged in the mid-18th century as a reaction against the extravagance of the Baroque and Rococo, and was inspired by the simplicity and clarity of classical art from ancient Greece and Rome. This movement sought a return to the values of reason, morality, and order, influenced by the rationalism of the Enlightenment. The archaeological excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii also played a crucial role in rediscovering classical art.

Neoclassical artists were characterized by their focus on technical precision, harmony, and proportion. They used clear lines and balanced compositions, avoiding excessive ornamentation and the emotional drama of the Baroque. Among the most representative painters of Neoclassicism are Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and Anton Raphael Mengs. David is known for his historical and political works, such as "The Oath of the Horatii," which exemplify the ideals of civic virtue and sacrifice. Ingres, on the other hand, combined classical rigor with meticulous attention to detail and texture, as seen in his work "The Grand Odalisque." Mengs, an early advocate of Neoclassicism, promoted the style through his writings and teachings, in addition to his paintings.

Neoclassicism significantly influenced later movements, such as romanticism , which, although it reacted against the rationalism of neoclassicism, adopted its attention to detail and its interest in classical antiquity. It also influenced the academicism from the 19th century, which maintained the emphasis on technique and historical themes.

This movement also left a mark on architecture, with notable examples like the Panthéon in Paris and the Library of Congress in Washington D.C., which adopted classical forms and proportions. In sculpture, artists like Antonio Canova and Bertel Thorvaldsen revived classical techniques and styles, creating works that conveyed the serenity and dignity of their ancient models.